C²¹TE Staff
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Services
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Resources
Resource Guide
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Syllabus Checklist

Events
Symposium
Provost’s Award for TAs (PDF)
Workshop for International TAs
Teach. Effectiveness Workshops
New Faculty Orientation

General Illustrative References

Broad Overview of the Field

Using Audio-Visual Materials to Promote Active Learning

Using Case Studies or Case Method Teaching to Promote Active Learning

Using Collaborative/Cooperative Methods or Group Work to Promote Active Learning

Using Computer Aided Instruction to Promote Active Learning

Using Demonstrations or Lab Activities to Promote Active Learning

Using Discussion, Debate, or Student Presentations to Promote Active Learning

Using Field Trips or Field Work to Promote Active Learning

Using Games or Simulations to Promote Active Learning

Using Guided Designs to Promote Active Learning

Using Role Play or Performance to Promote Active Learning

Using Visual Imaging Methods to Promote Active Learning

Using Writing Activities to Promote Active Learning

Gibbs, G., & Others. (1985). Son of teaching tips, or 106 interesting ways to teach. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 9(1), 55-68.

Gibbs, I., & Harland, J. (1987). Approaches to teaching in colleges of higher education. British Educational Research Journal, 13(2), 159-173.

Jackson, M. W., & Prosser, M. T. (1989). Less lecturing, more learning. Studies in Higher Education, 14(1), 55-68.

Kurfiss, J. (1987, April). The reasoning-centered classroom: Approaches that work. AAHE Bulletin, 39(8). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 283 445).

Page, M. (1990, May). Active learning: Historical and contemporary perspectives. MA: University of Massachusetts. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 338 389).

Powell, L. E. (1989). Active learning: Positive impact for schools and democratic society. Unpublished manuscript. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 307 702).

Rosenthal, N. (1990, February). Active learning/empowered learning. Adult Learning, 1(5), 16 18.

Schomberg, S. F. (Ed.). (1986). Strategies for active teaching and learning in university classrooms: A handbook of teaching strategies. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 276 356).

Schon, D. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. NY: Basic Books.

Shawl, S. J. (1987). Satisfying all the students most of the time. Journal of College Science Teaching, 447-452.

Atkins, M., & Blissett, G. (1992, January). Interactive video and cognitive problem-solving skills. Educational Technology, 32(1), 44-50.

Denton, J. J., & Others. (1984, Summer). An examination of instructional strategies used with two way television. Journal of Classroom Interaction, 19(2), 12-20.

Durrer, J. (1992, May/June). Interactive language laboratory. Media and Methods, 28(5), 14-19.

Ellis, L., & Mathis, D. (1985, April). College student learning from televised versus conventional classroom lectures: A controlled experiment. Higher Education, 14(2), 165-173.

Falk, D. R., & Carlson, H. L. (1992, September). Learning to teach with multimedia. Technological Horizons in Education Journal, 20(2), 96-100.

Gregory, J. (1992, November/December). Presentation technologies for the teaching profession. Media and Methods, 28(2), 20-31.

Howles, L., & Pettengill, C. (1993, June). Designing instructional multimedia presentations: A seven-step process. Technological Horizons in Education Journal, 20(11), 58-61.

Hugent, R. (1990, November/December). Interactive video disc applications. Media and Methods, 26(2), 14-17.

Jackson, D. (1991, May/June). Teaming up to take a risk. Media and Methods, 27(5), 12-15.

James, J., & Snyder, T. (1993, January/February). Integrating technologies in global studies. Media and Methods, 29(3), 22-24.

Lee, C. D. (1991, Summer). Big picture talkers/words walking without masters: The instructional implications of ethnic voices for an expanded literacy. Journal of Negro Education, 60(3), 291-304.

Louie, R., Sweatt, S., Gresham, R., & Smith, L. (1991, May/June). Interactive video: Disseminating vital science and math information. Media and Methods, 27(5), 22-23.

Morris, J. D. (1984, October). The Florida study: Improving achievement through the use of more dynamics in TV production. Technological Horizons in Education, 12(3), 104-107.

Oliver, L. (1992, September/October). Implementing videodiscs in the classroom. Media and Methods, 28(1), 12-17.

Powell, C. T. (1991, Summer). Rap music: An education with a beat from the street. Journal of Negro Education, 60(3), 245-259.

Reed, M. (1993, December). Graphic arts, digital imaging, and technology education. Technological Horizons in Education Journal, 21(5), 69-71.

Smith, J. J. (1993, August). The SPICE project: Comparing passive to interactive approaches in a videodisc-based course. Technological Horizons in Education Journal, 21(1), 62-66.

Teasley, A. B. (1992, September/October). High noon at second period: Teaching with film classics. Media and Methods, 29(1), 24-27.

van Galen, F., Dolk, M., Feijs, E., Jonker, V., & Ruesink, N. (1993, August). Linear and interactive video in inservice mathematics education. Educational Technology, 33(8), 42-51.

Wiley, P. (1990, November/December). Addressing multicultural differences in foreign language instruction. Media and Methods, 26(2), 18-23.

Christensen, C. R. (1987). Teaching the case method. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Kleinfeld, J. (1991, April). Changes in problem solving abilities of students taught through case methods. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 334 154).

Paget, N. (1988, January). Using case methods effectively. Journal of Education for Business, 63(4), 175-180.

Pugh, S. L. (1993, November). Using case studies and collaborative computer-assisted communication to support conceptual learning in a teacher-education course on critical reading. Educational Technology, 33(11), 30-38.

Romm, T., & Mahler, S. (1986). A three dimensional model for using case studies in the academic classroom. Higher Education, 15(6), 677-696.

Webster, W. E. (1988, Winter). Student-developed case studies. College Teaching, 36(1), 25-27.

Williams, C. J., & Crowell, C. R. (1993, November). Providing institutional support for educational technologies: A case study. Technological Horizons in Education Journal, 21(4), 114-118.

Beckman, M. (1990, Fall). Collaborative learning: Preparation for the workplace and democracy? College Teaching, 38(4), 128-133.

Brandt, R. (1990, December/January). On cooperative learning: A conversation with Spencer Kagan. Educational Leadership, 47(4), 8-11.

Bredehoft, D. J. (1991, Summer). Cooperative controversies in the classroom. College Teaching, 39(3), 122-125.

Chung, J. (1991, December). Collaborative learning strategies: The design of instructional environments for the emerging new school. Educational Technology, 31(12), 15-22.

Cooper, J. (1990, May). Cooperative learning and college teaching: Tips from the trenches. Teaching Professor, 4, 1-2.

Feichtner, S. B., & Davis, E. A. (1985). Why some groups fail: A survey of students' experiences with learning groups. Organizational Behavior Teaching Review, 9, 58-73.

Flynn, J. L. (1992, October). Cooperative learning and Gagne's events of instruction: A syncretic view. Educational Technology, 32(10), 53-60.

Goodsell, A., Maher, M., & Tinto, V. (1992). Collaborative learning: A sourcebook for higher education. University Park, PA: National Center on Postsecondary Teaching, Learning, and Assessment. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 357 705).

Hamilton, S. J., & Hansen, E. J. (Eds.). (1992). Collaborative learning: Sourcebook for collaborative learning in the arts and sciences at Indiana University. Unpublished manuscript. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 347 914).

Holubec, E. J. (1992, Spring). How do you get there from here? Getting started with cooperative learning. Contemporary Education, 63(3), 181-184.

Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1990, December/January). Social skills for successful group work. Educational Leadership, 47(4), 29-33.

Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Smith, K. A. (1991). Cooperative learning: Increasing college faculty instructional productivity, (ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 4). Washington, DC: George Washington University. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 343 465).

Lyons, P. (1988, August). Cooperative learning methods and the adult learner. Unpublished manuscript. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 304 962).

O'Donnell, A., & Dansereau, D. F. (1993, Winter). Learning from lectures: Effects of cooperative review. Journal of Experimental Education, 61(2), 116-125.

Palmer, J., & Johnson, J. T. (1989, Winter). Jigsaw in a college classroom: Effect on student achievement and impact on student evaluations of teacher performance. Journal of Social Studies Research, 13(1), 34-37.

Sheridan, J., Byrne, A. C., & Quina, K. (1989, Spring). Collaborative learning. College Teaching, 37(2), 49-53.

Sherman, L. W. (1991, April). Cooperative learning in post secondary education: Implications from social psychology for active learning experiences. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 330 262).

Slavin, R. E. (1983, November). When does cooperative learning increase student achievement? Psychological Bulletin, 94, 429-445.

Sundstrom, E., DeMeuse, K. P., & Futrell, D. (1990, February). Work teams: Applications and effectiveness. American Psychologist, 45(2), 120-133.

Whitman, N. A. (1988). Peer teaching: To teach is to learn twice, (ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 4). Washington, DC: George Washington University. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 305 016).

Whitlow, S. S., & Van Tubergen, G. N. (1988, July). Resolving reality and academe: Putting the individual back into the team project. Paper presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Portland, OR. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 298 568).

Wiegmann, D. A., Dansereau, D. F., & Patterson, M. E. (1992, Winter). Cooperative learning: Effects of role playing and ability on performance. Journal of Experimental Education, 60(2), 109-118.

Wiener, H. S. (1986, January). Collaborative learning in the classroom: A guide to evaluation. College English, 48(1), 52-61.

Using Computer Aided Instruction to Promote Active Learning

Brna, P., Pain, H., & Du Boulay, B. (1990). Teaching, learning, and using prolog: Understanding prolog. Instructional Science, 19(4/5), 247-256.

Eisenstadt, M., Price, B. A., & Domingue, J. (1992, September). Software visualization as a pedagogical tool. Instructional Science, 21(5), 335-364.

Fogarty, T. J., & Goldwater, P. M. (1993, October). An expert system for accounting education. Technological Horizons in Education Journal, 21(3), 89-91.

Hativa, N., & Lesgold, A. (1991). The computer as tutor: Can it adapt to the individual learner? Instructional Science, 20(1), 49-78.

Kincaid, J. P., Mullally, D., & Kincaid, J. F. (1992, January). Language training using computers with voice interface. Educational Technology, 32(1), 24-30.

Kulik, J. E., & Kulik, C. C. (1987, February). Computer-based instruction: What 200 evaluations say. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Teaching, Boston, MA. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 285 521).

Norton, P. (1992, June). When technology meets the subject-matter disciplines in education: Part one: Exploring the computer as metaphor. Educational Technology, 32(6), 38-46.

Norton, P. (1992, July). When technology meets the subject-matter disciplines in education: Part two: Understanding the computer as discourse. Educational Technology, 32(7), 36-46.

Norton, P. (1992, August). When technology meets the subject-matter disciplines in education: Part three: Incorporating the computer as method. Educational Technology, 32(8), 35-44.

Phillips, T. L., Hannafin, M. J., & Tripp, S. D. (1988, Summer). The effects of practice and orienting activities on learning from interactive video. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 36(2), 93-102.

Polin, L. G. (1990, May/June). Word processing: Untapped learning adventure. Media and Methods, 26(5), 34-37.

Sharples, M., & Evans, M. (1992). Computer support for the development of writing abilities. Instructional Science, 21(1/3), 99-108.

Tudor, R. M., & Bostow, D. E. (1991, Summer). Computer-programmed instruction: The relation of required interaction to practical application. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(2), 361 368.

Wetzel, C. D. (1993). Generative aspects of the computer based educational software system (CBESS). Instructional Science, 21(4), 269-293.

Wilder, G. Z., & Fowles, M. (1992, September). Assessing the outcomes of computer-based instruction: The experience of Maryland. Technological Horizons in Education Journal, 20(2), 82 84.

Williams, N. (1992). A hypertext open learning system for writers. Instructional Science, 21(1/3), 125-138.

Winn, W., & Bricken, W. (1992, December). Designing virtual worlds for use in mathematics education: The example of experiential algebra. Educational Technology, 32(12), 12-19.

Clarke, J. H. (1988, Fall). Designing discussions as group inquiry. College Teaching, 36(4), 140 143.

Christensen, C. R., Garvin, D. A., & Sweet, A. (Eds.). (1991, June). Education for judgement: The artistry of discussion leadership. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 338 144).

Cowan, J. (1984, December). The responsive lecture: A means of supplementing resource-based instruction. Educational Technology, 24(12), 18-21.

Cronin, M. (1990, April). Debating to learn across the curriculum: Implementation and assessment. Paper presented at the Southern States Communication Association Convention, Birmingham, AL. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 327 092).

Dantonio, M., & Paradise, L. V. (1988, Spring). Teacher question-answer strategy and the cognitive correspondence between teacher questions and learner responses. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 21(3), 71-75.

Dillon, J. T. (1984, November). Research on questioning and discussion. Educational Leadership, 42(3), 50-56.

Frederick, P. (1981, Summer). The dreaded discussion: Ten ways to start. Improving College and University Teaching, 29(3), 109-114.

Garland, D. J. (1991, October/December). Using controversial issues to encourage active participation and critical thinking in the classroom. Community/Junior College Quarterly of Research and Practice, 15(4), 447-451.

Giroux, J. B. (1989, Fall). Feminist theory as pedagogical practice. Contemporary Education, 61(1), 6-10.

Gorham, J. (1988, January). The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and student learning. Communication Education, 37(1), 40-53.

Gullette, M. M. (1992, March/April). Leading discussion in a lecture course: Some maxims and an exhortation. Change, 24(2), 32-39.

Hesler, M. W. (1987, December). Communication strategies for the multicultural class. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 293 176).

Hyman, R. T. (1980). Improving discussion leadership. NY: Columbia University Teachers College Press.

Karr, M. C., & Others. (1988, Fall). Three-phase discussion sessions. Journal of Agronomic Education, 17(2), 77-80.

Klinzing, H. G., & Floden, R. E. (1990, April). Learning to moderate discussions. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, MA. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 327 479).

Knoedler, A. S., & Shea, M. A. (1992). Conducting discussions in the diverse classroom. To Improve the Academy, (11), 123-135.

McCroskey, J. C. (1982, May). Power in the classroom 1: Teacher and student perceptions. Unpublished manuscript. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 215 389).

Michaelsen, L. K. (1992). Team learning: A comprehensive approach for harnessing the power of small groups in higher education. To Improve the Academy, (11), 107-122.

Morgan, M. V. (1994, Winter). A multimedia module for discussion-leading skills. College Teaching, 42(1), 32-34.

Neff, R., & Weimer, M. (1989). Classroom communication: Collected readings for effective discussion and questioning. Madison, WI: Magna Publications, Inc.

Osterman, D., Christensen, M., & Coffey, B. (1985, January). The feedback lecture (IDEA Paper No. 13). Manhattan, KS: Center for Faculty Evaluation and Development, Kansas State University. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 302 562).

Perry, R. P., & Dickens, W. J. (1987). Perceived control and instruction in the college classroom: Some implications for student achievement. Research in Higher Education, 27(4), 291-310.

Ruhl, K. L., Hughes, C. A., & Schloss, P. J. (1987, Winter). Using the pause procedure to enhance lecture recall. Teacher Education and Special Education, 10(1), 14-18.

Smith, H. W. (1987, Spring). Comparative evaluation of three teaching methods of quantitative techniques: Traditional lecture, Socratic dialogue, and PSI format. Journal of Experimental Education, 55(3), 149-154.

Tiberius, R. G. (1990). Small group teaching: A trouble-shooting guide. Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 318 690).

Welty, W. W. (1989, July/August). Discussion method teaching: How to make it work. Change, 21(4), 40-49.

Wilen, W. W. (1987). Questioning skills for teachers: What research says to the teacher. Washington, DC: National Education Association. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 310 098).

Using Games or Simulations to Promote Active Learning

Birnbaum, R. (1982, March). Games and simulations in higher education. Simulation and Games, 13(1), 3-11.

Branwyn, G. (1986, January/February). Gaming: Simulating future realities. Futurist, 20(1), 29 35.

Bruschke, J. C., Gartner, C., & Seiter, J. S. (1993, March). Student ethnocentrism, dogmatism, and motivation: A study of BAFA BAFA. Simulation and Gaming, 24(1), 9-20.

Crossman, E. K. (1983, April). The crossword puzzle as a teaching tool. Teaching of Psychology, 10(2), 98-99.

Cruickshank, D. R. (1988, June). The uses of simulations in teacher preparation: Past, present, and future. Simulation and Games, 19(2), 133-156.

Davison, J. G. (1984, April). Real tears: Using role plays and simulation. Curriculum Review, 23(2), 91-94.

Dutton, J. E., & Stumpf, S. A. (1991, June). Using behavioral simulations to study strategic processes. Simulation and Gaming, 22(2), 149-173.

Fandt, P. M., Richardson, W. D., & Conner, H. M. (1990, December). The impact of goal setting on team simulation experience. Simulation and Gaming, 21(4), 411-422.

Gosenpud, J., & Miesing, P. (1992, September). The relative influence of several factors on simulation performance. Simulation and Gaming, 23(3), 311-325.

Lederman, L. C. (1984, December). Debriefing: A critical reexamination of the postexperience analytic process with implications for its effective use. Simulation and Games, 15(4), 415-431.

Lederman, L. C. (1992, June). Debriefing: Toward a systematic assessment of theory and practice. Simulation and Gaming, 23(2), 145-160.

Murnighan, J. K. (1991, December). Cooperating when you know your outcomes will differ. Simulation and Gaming, 22(4), 463-475.

Neves, J. S., & Sanyal, R. N. (1992, September). Upside down: A cross-cultural experiential exercise. Simulation and Gaming, 23(3), 370-375.

Petranek, C. F., Corey, S., & Black, R. (1992, June). Three levels of learning in simulations: Participating, debriefing, and journal writing. Simulation and Gaming, 23(2), 174-185.

Queen, J. A. (1984, Summer). Simulations in the classroom. Improving College and University Teaching, 32(3), 144-145.

Randel, J. M., Morris, B. A., Wetzel, C. D., & Whitehill, B. V. (1992, September). The effectiveness of games for educational purposes: A review of recent research. Simulation and Gaming, 23(3), 261 276.

Remus, W., & Edge, A. G. (1991, December). Does adding a formal leader improve the performance of a team in a business simulation? Simulation and Gaming, 22(4), 498-501.

Rich, R. O., & Sampson, D. T. (1990, March). Building intensive simulations in family-therapy training. Counselor Education and Supervision, 29(3), 187-196.

Smith, P. (1986, January). Instructional simulation: Research, theory, and a case study. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Las Vegas, NV. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 267 793).

Steinwachs, B. (1992, June). How to facilitate a debriefing. Simulation and Gaming, 23(2), 186 195.

Stewart, L. P. (1992, June). Ethical issues in postexperimental and postexperiential debriefing. Simulation and Gaming, 23(2), 196-211.

Thatcher, D. C. (1990, September). Promoting learning through games and simulations. Simulation and Gaming, 21(3), 262-273.

Thatcher, D. C., & Robinson, M. J. (1990, September). A simulation on the design of simulations. Simulation and Gaming, 21(3), 256-261.

Thiagarajan, S. (1992, June). Using games for debriefing. Simulation and Gaming, 23(2), 161 173.

Wheatley, W. J., Roberts, R. M., & Einbecker, R. C. (1990, June). A complex simulation and community involvement yield an award-winning capstone experience. Simulation and Gaming, 21(2), 181-189.

Yeo, G. K. (1991, September). A framework for developing simulation game systems. Simulation and Gaming, 22(3), 308-327.

Coscarelli, W. C., & White, G. P. (1982, Summer). Applying the ID process to the guided design teaching strategy. Journal of Instructional Development, 5(4), 2-6.

Couch, R. W. (1983). Individualized instruction: A review of audio-tutorial instruction, guided design, the personalized system of instruction, and individualized lecture classes. KS: University of Kansas. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 252 178).

Keegan, M. (1993, April). Optimizing the instructional moment: A guide to using Socratic, didactic, inquiry, and discovery methods. Educational Technology, 33(4), 17-22.

Meyer, S. P., & Popovich, N. G. (1990, Spring). Experience and observations about the guided design instructional methodology. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 54(1), 35-39.

Miller, D. I., Givens, J., & Breyer, D. (1984). Attitudes and performance in guided-design training as a function of psychological type. Unpublished manuscript. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 244 867).

Pawlak, S. M. (1989, Spring). Development and validation of guided design scenarios for problem solving instruction. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 53(1), 7-16.

Tillman, M. H., & Pajak, E. F. (1984, October). Teaching a classroom troubleshooting model via guided design. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Society for Individualized Instruction, Atlanta, GA. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 254 202).

Wales, C. E., & Stager, R. A. (1982, September/October). Teaching decision-making with guided design. Journal of College Science Teaching, 12(1), 24.

Davison, J. G. (1984, April). Real tears: Using role plays and simulation. Curriculum Review, 23(2), 91-94.

Duncombe, S., & Heikkinen, M. H. (1988, Winter). Role-playing for different view points. College Teaching, 36(1), 3-5.

Dwyer, E. J. (1982, Spring). Songs in the academic classroom. Exercise Exchange, 26(2), 29-30. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 236 606).

Rozema, H. J. (1988, Spring). Role reversals in male/female communication: A classroom simulation. Feminist Teacher, 3(2), 18-20.

Eklundh, K. S. (1992). Problems in achieving a global perspective of the text in computer-based writing. Instructional Science, 21(1/3), 73-84.

Galbraith, D. (1992). Conditions for discovery through writing. Instructional Science, 21(1/3), 45-72.

Glick, M. D. (1988, Spring). Writing across the curriculum: A dean's perspective. Writing Program Administration, 11(3), 53-58.

Kiewra, K. A., Dubois, N. F., Christensen, M., Sung-Il, K., & Lindberg, N. (1989, September). A more equitable account of the note-taking functions in learning from lecture and from text. Instructional Science, 18(3), 217-232.

Knudson, R. E. (1993, Spring). Effects of different instructional tasks on students' narrative writing. Journal of Experimental Education, 61(3), 205-214.

Leahy, R. (1985, Summer). The power of the three student journal. College Teaching, 33(3), 108 112.

Louth, R., McAllister, C., & McAllister, H. A. (1993, Spring). The effects of collaborative writing techniques on freshman writing and attitudes. Journal of Experimental Education, 61(3), 215-226.

Michalak, S. J., Jr. (1989, Spring). Writing more, learning less? College Teaching, 37(2), 43-45.

Millard, T. L. (1986, January). Active learning: The equilibrium between student writing and critical thinking. Paper presented at the 2nd Regional Conference on University Teaching, Las Cruces, NM. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 281 227).

Rimmershaw, R. (1992). Collaborative writing practices and writing support technologies. Instructional Science, 21(1/3), 15-28.

Strenski, E. (Ed.). (1986). Possibilities: Scenarios and scripts to help teaching assistants respond to student writing in all disciplines. Los Angeles, CA: University of California. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 315 768).

Strauss, M., & Fulwiler, T. (1990, December/January). Writing to learn in large lecture classes. Journal of College Science Teaching, 19(3), 158-163.

Strugala, R. A. (1982, Fall). Values clarification through writing. Exercise Exchange, 27(1), 37 38. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 236 700).

Weaver, R. L., & Cotrell, H. W. (1985, Fall/Winter). Mental aerobics: The half-sheet response. Innovative Higher Education, 10(1), 23-31.

Whitlock, R. (1987, March). Making writing groups work: Modifying Elbow's teacherless writing group for the classroom, 1977-1987. Paper presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the Conference on College Composition and Communication, Atlanta, GA. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 284 284).

Young, A., & Fulwiler, T. (Eds.). (1986). Writing across the disciplines: Research into practice. Upper Montclair, NJ: Boynton/Cook Publishers. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 264 592).